On 
						the morning of its highly anticipated investor day Fiat 
						Group has announced its first quarter financial results 
						which see its net loss for the three month period 
						narrowing to 21 million euros compared to 411 million 
						euros a year ago on the back of overall Group revenues 
						that were up 14.7 percent to 12.9 billion euros, driven 
						by mainly by year-on-year volume increases across all 
						its businesses.Fiat 
						Group Automobiles (FGA) achieved revenues of 6.8 
						billion (+22.1%) on a total of 532,400 cars and light 
						commercial vehicles delivered (+14.6% over Q1 2009), 
						with demand positively impacted by the residual effect 
						of eco-incentives in several Western European markets. 
						Market share was 31.4% in Italy (-0.8 p.p.) and 8.6% for 
						Europe overall (-0.3 p.p.) in highly competitive 
						markets. In Brazil, Fiat increased deliveries 7.9% and 
						maintained its leading market position. 
						Agricultural and Construction 
						Equipment (CNH) revenues were 2.6 billion, in line with 
						2009 (+5.2% in USD terms). Construction equipment 
						industry sales improved globally and CNH achieved share 
						gains in the heavy segment in Western Europe and Latin 
						America. Agricultural equipment revenues were down with 
						strong sales and share gains for combines globally being 
						more than offset by a weaker mix in the North American 
						tractor market and soft demand in Europe in both 
						segments. 
						Trucks and Commercial Vehicles 
						(Iveco) reported an 11.2% increase in revenues to 1.7 
						billion, reflecting initial signs of a recovery in 
						demand, albeit against extremely low 2009 levels. Total 
						deliveries were up 25.3% to 26,919 vehicles, with a 
						significant increase in the light segment (+41%) and 
						more moderate improvement in the heavy segment (+9.5%). 
						Sales volumes, however, remain nearly 50% below 
						2007/2008 levels. 
						Group trading performance was 
						significantly stronger year-over-year at 352 million, 
						predominantly reflecting higher volumes for all 
						businesses. Fiat Group Automobiles reported a trading 
						profit of 153 million (30 million loss for Q1 2009) on 
						the back of substantially higher volumes and an improved 
						sales mix, with increased contribution from LCVs. CNH 
						achieved a trading profit of 127 million (49 million 
						in Q1 2009). Cost containment and improved fixed cost 
						absorption for Construction Equipment more than offset 
						the negative volume and mix resulting from reduced 
						agricultural equipment sales in North America and 
						Europe. Iveco posted a trading profit of 3 million (12 
						million loss in Q1 2009), mainly reflecting volume 
						increases and manufacturing efficiencies, partially 
						offset by lower prices in response to competitive 
						pressure. 
						Net industrial debt at 4.7 
						billion (4.4 billion at end of 2009), with normal 
						seasonal working capital build contained through 
						disciplined alignment of production and inventory levels 
						to demand. Liquidity remained strong at 11.2 billion 
						(12.4 billion at 31 December 2009). The change over 
						year-end 2009 was primarily attributable to repayment of 
						a 1 billion bond. 
						
						Group results 
						
						Group  
						revenues
						for the first 
						quarter totalled 12.9 billion, a 14.7% increase over 
						the same period in 2009, when severely weakened trading 
						conditions impacted all Group businesses. Revenues for 
						the quarter were however lower than pre-crisis levels 
						(-14% compared with Q1 2008).
						
						During the first 3 months of 2010, sales volumes for the 
						Automobiles and Components businesses in Italy, in 
						particular, continued to reflect demand generated by 
						government sponsored incentives introduced in 2009.
						
						The first quarter closed with 
						an  
						operating 
						profit 
						of 352 million, compared to a 129 million loss for Q1 
						2009, and reflected the significant improvement in 
						trading profit. In Q1 2009, operating results were 
						impacted by net unusual expense of 81 million 
						
						Net financial expense 
						for Q1 
						totalled 250 million and included a 13 million loss 
						from the marking-to-market of two stock option related 
						equity swaps (14 million gain for Q1 2009). Net of this 
						item, financial expense increased 13 million over the 
						prior year, reflecting the costs associated with 
						maintaining liquidity levels in excess of  10 billion.
						
						Profit before taxes 
						was 157 
						million, compared with a loss before taxes of 360 
						million for Q1 2009. This figure reflects the higher 
						operating result (+481 million) and an increase in 
						investment income (+76 million), net of a 40 million 
						increase in net financial expense.
						
						Income taxes  
						totalled 178 million 
						(51 million for Q1 2009), and related primarily to 
						taxable income of companies operating outside Italy and 
						employment-related taxes in Italy. The item also 
						includes a one-off tax charge of 14 million associated 
						with enactment of the U.S. Patient Protection and 
						Affordable Care Act. There was a 
						net loss
						for the 
						first quarter of 21 million (net loss of 411 million 
						for Q1 2009).
						
						Net industrial debt 
						 rose 0.3 
						billion, due to the seasonal working capital build which 
						was contained through disciplined alignment of 
						production and inventory levels to demand, and also 
						benefited from positive cash flow from operating 
						activities (+0.3 billion). 
						
						Liquidity 
						remained strong at 11.2 billion 
						(12.4 billion at year end 2009). During the quarter a 
						1 billion bond issue was repaid. 
						 
						
						Automobiles
						Fiat Group Automobiles 
						
						Fiat Group Automobiles 
						 closed the 
						quarter with 
						revenues
						of 6.8 
						billion, up 22.1% over the first quarter of 2009 driven 
						by an increase in volumes and favourable currency 
						differences (+16.4% at constant exchange rates). Fiat 
						Group Automobiles delivered a total of 532,400 passenger 
						cars and light commercial vehicles during the quarter, 
						representing a 14.6% increase over the first quarter of 
						2009. In Europe (EU 27 + EFTA), deliveries for Fiat 
						Group Automobiles increased 13.4% to 330,200 units. 
						Volume increases were significant in Italy (+31.0%), 
						France (+17.4%), the UK (+42.2%) and Spain, where 
						deliveries essentially tripled. There was a decisive 
						drop in Germany (-60.8%), reflecting a fall in the 
						market following the nonrenewal of incentives.
						For passenger cars only, Fiat 
						Group Automobiles delivered 437,800 vehicles during the 
						first three months, a 9.8% increase over the first three 
						months of 2009. In Europe, a total of 276,200 passenger 
						cars were delivered, representing an 8.4% gain 
						year-over-year. Deliveries were up significantly in the 
						principal markets: Italy (+26.3%), France (+13.1%), the 
						UK (+41.3%), and Spain, where they essentially tripled. 
						The exception to the trend was Germany (-72.6%), where 
						the non-renewal of incentives sharply reduced sales in 
						the smaller segments, where FGAs presence is most 
						significant. 
						The European passenger car 
						market grew 9.5% over the first quarter of 2009, with 
						performance varying between markets based on the level 
						of advancement of incentive programmes. In Germany, 
						especially, there was a 22.8% drop in demand following 
						the conclusion of the incentive schemes at the end of 
						2009, which had a significant impact on the A segment. 
						Continuation of government incentives contributed to the 
						increase in demand in France (+16.9%) and other 
						countries where incentives were not introduced until 
						after the first quarter of 2009, such as the UK (+27.3%) 
						and Spain (+44.5%), where the announcement of a VAT 
						increase in July 2010 has also resulted in an 
						acceleration of demand. In Italy, the market was up 
						23.3% for the quarter: government eco-incentives, which 
						concluded at the end of 2009, continued to have a 
						favourable impact on registrations in the first quarter 
						of 2010, which resulted from the significant order 
						intake experienced prior to the end of 2009. In Brazil, 
						demand increased 13.9%. 
						In the first quarter, in a very 
						competitive market environment, Fiat Group Automobiles 
						share was 31.4% for Italy (-0.8 percentage points over 
						Q1 2009) and 8.6% for Europe overall (-0.3 percentage 
						points). The Sector achieved gains in Spain (+0.5 
						percentage points to 3.0%) and also in the UK (+0.3 
						percentage points to 3.0%), while share fell in France 
						(-0.6 percentage points to 4.1%). In Germany, the sharp 
						market decline in FGA's core segments determined the 
						reduction in share to 3.0% (-2.5 percentage points). In 
						Europe, the Fiat Panda was once again leader in its 
						reference segment. The Lancia brand also had 
						particularly positive performance, with registrations up 
						21% over 2009. 
						For Western Europe only (EU 15 
						+ EFTA), Fiat Group Automobiles recorded an 8.7% share 
						(down 0.3 percentage points over Q1 2009). A total of 
						94,600 light commercial vehicles were delivered in Q1, 
						representing an increase of 43.8% over the first quarter 
						of 2009. For Europe, deliveries were up 49.1% to 53,900 
						units. Approximately one-third of the increase is 
						attributable to the fact that deliveries for Q1 2009 
						were particularly low due to dealer destocking actions. 
						With the European market growing 5.2% overall, Fiat 
						Professional achieved a 13.5% share (+1.4 percentage 
						points). In Italy, market share increased to 45.3% (+5.3 
						percentage points). The introduction of the new Doblς, 
						which was launched at the end of 2009, and the success 
						of the CNG Fiorino in Italy both contributed to the 
						brand's excellent first quarter performance. In Brazil, 
						passenger car and light commercial vehicle deliveries 
						increased 7.9% over the first quarter of 2009. Share 
						decreased to 22.3% (-1.5 percentage points), with market 
						supply of the new Uno expected in May. However, the 
						Sector continued to hold its market-leading position. 
						Fiat Group Automobiles closed 
						Q1 2010 with a  
						trading 
						profit 
						of 153 million, compared with a 30 million trading 
						loss for Q1 2009. The improvement was attributable to 
						the increase in volumes and an improved mix, primarily 
						related to the performance of light commercial vehicles.
						The highlight for the quarter 
						was the significant presence of FGA brands at the 80th 
						Geneva Motor Show. On stage at the Swiss event was the 
						Alfa Romeo Giulietta in its international debut. 
						Following a presentation to the international press in 
						mid-April, the new 5-door hatchback will be launched in 
						several markets beginning in May. The Alfa Romeo 
						Giulietta, released on the brands 100th anniversary, 
						offers the maximum in performance and technology: from 
						its engines, which represent the state-of-the-art in 
						technology, performance and respect for the environment, 
						to its new compact architecture complete with 
						sophisticated suspension systems, active dual-pinion 
						steering, high-quality materials and advanced production 
						technologies. 
						Alongside the Giulietta was a 
						MiTo equipped with the "Alfa TCT" (Twin Clutch 
						Technology, an innovative automatic dual dry clutch 
						transmission). The Swiss show was also the venue for the 
						presentation of the Fiat Doblς Natural Power with 
						1.4-litre, 16-valve T-JET CNG/gasoline engine, 
						confirming Fiat's undisputed leadership in 
						factory-installed powerplants of this type. At the 
						beginning of the year the brand also began sale of the 
						2010 model year Bravo, which has been enhanced in both 
						style and content. At Geneva, for Lancia there was the 
						debut of a special series Delta with new look and 
						features and the limited edition Ypsilon ELLE. Also on 
						display at Geneva was the Abarth Punto Evo, the 
						high-tech sport version of the Fiat model presented last 
						September. The power increase was achieved through an 
						innovative 165 hp, 16-valve MultiAir 1400. An object of 
						much admiration was the Abarth 500C, the first 
						convertible released by the brand since its relaunch. In 
						March, JATO named Fiat Automobiles, for the third year 
						running, as having the lowest CO2 emissions among the 
						top 10 selling brands in Europe with the lowest average 
						CO2 emissions for cars sold in 2009: 127.8 g/km. 
						
						Maserati 
						
						For Q1 2010,  
						
						Maserati reported 127 million 
						in revenues, 
						up 10.4% over the same period in 2009. This improvement 
						is principally attributable to the excellent performance 
						of the new GranCabrio, which has been very successful in 
						all of the brand's markets. A total of 1,205 cars were 
						delivered to the network during the quarter, a 4.1% 
						increase over the same period in 2009. 
						
						Trading profit 
						came in at 4 million for Q1 2010, 
						an improvement over the 3 million figure for Q1 2009. 
						At the Geneva Motor Show in March, Maserati presented 
						the limited production Quattroporte Sport GT S Awards 
						Edition, created to celebrate the numerous awards the 
						model has received from top international magazines 
						since its launch. Due out in July, the special series 
						embodies the elegance and sportiness of the brand's 
						flagship model, combining the most attractive 
						handcrafted detailing with elements expressing its 
						sporting character.
						
						Ferrari 
						
						For Q1 2010,  
						
						Ferrari reported 414 million 
						in revenues, 
						down 6.1% over the corresponding period in 2009, when 
						volumes reflected only the initial impacts of the 
						economic crisis. The drop was primarily attributable to 
						a change in product mix. A total of 1,585 cars were 
						delivered to the network during the quarter, 
						substantially in line with Q1 2009 (1,571 cars; +0.9%). 
						Ferrari closed the quarter with a 
						trading 
						profit 
						of 39 million (54 million for Q1 2009). The decline 
						was attributable, on one side, to a less favourable 
						product mix and, on the other, to the fact that the 
						newly-released F458 Italia provided a limited 
						contribution for the period.
						At the Geneva Motor Show in 
						March, Ferrari presented the HY-Kers, a hybrid GT which 
						benefits from eco-smart technologies developed in 
						Formula 1 racing. Powered by two engines, one electric 
						and the other a traditional V12, the car is a 
						demonstration of the marque's skill in merging respect 
						for the environment with pure driving pleasure. Geneva 
						was also the venue for the debut of the Ferrari 
						California with Start&Stop, while the Beijing Motor Show 
						at the end of April will see the public unveiling of the 
						599 GTO, the highest performance vehicle in Ferrari's 
						history to be produced in a limited series. The success 
						of 8-cylinder models continued in the first quarter of 
						2010, with numerous awards and recognitions being 
						received by the California and the F458 Italia. 
						
						Trucks and Commercial Vehicles 
						
						Iveco  
						reported 1.7 
						billion in 
						revenues 
						for the first quarter of 
						2010, a year-on-year increase of 11.2%. The increase 
						primarily reflects signs of initial recovery in demand 
						which, however, remains at extremely low levels. Iveco 
						delivered a total of 26,919 vehicles on a worldwide 
						basis, including buses and special vehicles, 
						representing an increase of 25.3% over the same period 
						in 2009. Growth was mainly driven by performance in the 
						light segment (+41.1%). Deliveries were also up in the 
						heavy segment (+9.5%), as well as the medium segment 
						(+40.2%), which has a significantly smaller relative 
						weighting. Total deliveries for the first quarter, 
						however, remained extremely contained, being almost 50% 
						below the average for 2007/08. In Western Europe, 17,241 
						vehicles were delivered (+19.5%), with increases in the 
						main markets: Italy (+43.6%), Germany (+41.4%), Spain 
						(+30.4%) and France (+16.0%), while in the UK deliveries 
						were down further (-32.5%) against Q1 2009. Deliveries 
						trend was also positive in Eastern Europe, up 12.8% and 
						significantly in Latin America, posting an increase of 
						53.4%. In Western Europe, registrations for 
						≥3.5 
						ton trucks and commercial vehicles only contracted a 
						further 12.6% over Q1 2009, due to a significantly 
						reduced order intake in the second half of 2009 compared 
						to the same period in 2008, particularly in the medium 
						and heavy segments. The light segment grew slightly 
						(+2.0%), while there was a decrease of 33.3% in the 
						heavy segment and 19.7% in the medium segment. Analysed 
						by country, registrations were down in all major 
						European markets: Italy (-4.5%), France (-12.9%), 
						Germany (-7.1%), the UK (-7.6%) and Spain (-5.8%). 
						Iveco's market share in Western Europe was 14.3% for the 
						quarter, up 0.7 percentage points over Q1 2009. Share in 
						the light vehicle segment increased 0.1 percentage 
						points.
						For the heavy segment, share 
						was up 1.0 percentage point on the back of positive 
						performances in Italy (+4.2 percentage points), France 
						(+1.8 percentage points) and the UK (+1.7 percentage 
						points). In the medium segment, there was a 0.8 
						percentage point decrease, particularly impacted by 
						performance of the Italian and UK markets. In this 
						context Iveco managed to further reduce its overall 
						inventory of new trucks and commercial vehicles, both at 
						company and network level, reflecting achievement of its 
						de-stocking prog 
						
						
						Iveco closed the first quarter 
						with a  
						trading 
						profit 
						of 3 million, compared to a 12 million loss for Q1 
						2009. The improvement was primarily attributable to 
						volume increases and manufacturing efficiencies, 
						partially offset by lowering of prices in response to 
						competitive pressure. The new Iveco range attracted 
						several awards during the quarter. Among the most 
						important was Utilitarie de lAnnιe 2010 awarded to 
						the EcoDaily in France by the weekly LArgus de 
						lAutomobile. In China, the Power Daily (the light 
						vehicle produced by the joint venture Naveco) was given 
						special mention as Recommended Vehicle for Green 
						Logistics by "Green China Magazine" and "China Green 
						Logistics Development Promotion Alliance" for the 
						optimum power coupled with low emissions and reduced 
						consumption.
						During the period, Iveco also 
						provided vehicles for the Overland 12 expedition, to 
						take place this year in Africa, and became Official 
						Sponsor of the Fiat Yamaha Racing Team. 
						
						Components and Production 
						Systems 
						
						FPT Powertrain Technologies 
						
						FPT Powertrain Technologies
						 
						reported 1,364 million in 
						revenues
						for Q1 2010, 
						representing a 23.2% increase year-over-year. Sales to 
						external customers and joint ventures accounted for 17% 
						of the total. The Passenger & Commercial Vehicles 
						product line closed the quarter with revenues of 886 
						million (+24.7%). A total of 583,000 engines (+18.8%) 
						and 577,000 transmissions (+23.0%) were sold during the 
						quarter. Industrial & Marine reported revenues of 485 
						million, up 24% over the first quarter of 2009. A total 
						of 88,000 engines (+36.2%) were sold primarily to Iveco 
						(36%), CNH (26%) and Sevel (27%), the JV in light 
						commercial vehicles. In addition, 15,000 transmissions 
						(+21.5%) and 33,000 axles (+30.0%) were delivered. FPT 
						closed Q1 2010 with a 
						trading 
						profit 
						of 13 million, compared to a 58 million loss for Q1 
						2009. This improvement was primarily attributable to a 
						recovery in sales volumes, in addition to the 
						achievement of purchasing and manufacturing 
						efficiencies.
						At the Geneva Motor Show, FPT 
						presented an absolute first in gasoline engine 
						technology: the new 85 hp two-cylinder Twin-Air. This 
						engine combines the revolutionary MultiAir system with 
						special fluid dynamics to achieve optimum fuel 
						efficiency. Smaller (-23%) and lighter (-10%) than a 
						4-cylinder with equivalent performance, this new engine 
						offers a significant reduction in CO2 emissions (up to 
						30%). The Twin-Air will debut on the Fiat 500 in 
						September. 
						Also in Geneva, FPT Powertrain 
						Technologies presented another important development in 
						transmissions, the "Alfa TCT" (Twin Clutch Technology) 
						to be mounted on the Alfa Romeo MiTo. This innovative 
						transmission incorporates 23 patented technologies. In 
						South America, the 1.0-litre Fire Low Friction and the 
						Flexfuel versions of the 1.4-litre Fire Evo2 and the 1.6 
						& 1.8-litre E-Torq were launched. 
						
						Magneti Marelli 
						
						Magneti Marelli  
						reported 1,273 
						million in 
						revenues 
						for Q1 2010, up 30.4% over the 
						first three months of 2009, which were heavily impacted 
						by the effects of the global economic crisis. All 
						business lines achieved revenue increases for the 
						quarter, particularly in Brazil, China and Turkey. In 
						Italy sales for the Sector also benefited from 
						government incentives on new vehicle orders in the final 
						months of 2009. The Lighting business line experienced a 
						recovery in revenues in the medium-to-large segment, 
						which had been particularly hard hit in 2009 by the 
						crisis, as well as positive performance in the NAFTA 
						region. The growth in the light commercial vehicles 
						market had a positive impact on sales for the Suspension 
						Systems business in Italy and the Exhaust Systems 
						business in Spain.
						Magneti Marelli reported Q1
						 
						trading 
						profit 
						of 19 million, compared to a 40 million loss for Q1 
						2009. This improvement was attributable to higher sales 
						volumes and production efficiencies achieved. The most 
						notable new developments presented by the Sector during 
						the quarter included components produced by Magneti 
						Marelli for the new Alfa Romeo Giulietta, including: LED 
						headlights and tail lights, suspensions, hot-end exhaust 
						and the new navigation system, which incorporates 
						navigator, dual tuner radio receiver, and CD/MP3 player 
						with interface for Blue&Me system, into a single device. 
						Magneti Marelli also collaborated with FPT Powertrain 
						Technologies to develop and produce the Alfa TCT 
						transmission. Other developments included numerous 
						engine and lighting components developed for major 
						European automakers.
						
						Significant events for the first quarter 
						of 2010 
						
						In February, Fiat S.p.A. and 
						Sollers signed a memorandum of understanding for the 
						establishment of a global alliance for the production of 
						passenger cars and SUVs. The new JV is expected to reach 
						production capacity of up to 500,000 vehicles per year 
						by 2016. Nine new models (C & D segment and SUV) will be 
						sold in the Russian market, six of which will be based 
						on a new global Fiat-Chrysler platform. A minimum of 10% 
						of vehicles will be produced for the export market. The 
						project will include new production facilities and a 
						technology park for component production. The Russian 
						government is expected to provide support for the joint 
						venture through subsided long-term financing for the 
						full investment required, estimated at 2.4 billion. 
						CNH and KAMAZ finalised a joint 
						venture agreement for the production of agricultural and 
						construction equipment in the Russian Federation. This 
						followed a preliminary agreement signed in October 2009. 
						The new company, CNH-KAMAZ Industrial BV, will be 50% 
						held by CNH. JV will initially produce machinery for the 
						Russian market and, subsequently, for other CIS markets. 
						The planned initial investment of USD 70 million will 
						provide annual production capacity of 4,000 units, 
						including a family of 300 hp combines, two ranges of 
						tractors in the 300-535 hp segment and construction 
						equipment. Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. and Chrysler 
						Group LLC took an additional step towards integrating 
						their distribution activities in Europe. Starting from 
						April 2010, FGA will commence commercial activities to 
						support the sale and service of Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge 
						branded products in several countries in Europe. The 
						activities and employees of the Chrysler national sales 
						companies in Europe will be gradually transferred to the 
						corresponding FGA national sales companies. FGA Capital 
						is already provider of financial services for Chrysler's 
						European activities. 
						The Shareholders of Fiat S.p.A., 
						which met in Turin on 26 March, approved the 2009 
						statutory financial statements and distribution of a 
						gross dividend of 0.17 per ordinary share, 0.31 per 
						preference share and 0.325 per savings share, payable 
						from April 22nd. The aggregate dividend was 243.7 
						million (237.1 excluding treasury shares currently 
						held). Shareholders also approved amendments to the 
						2009-2010 Incentive Plan and renewed authorisation for 
						the purchase of own shares for 1.8 billion (inclusive 
						of the 656 million in treasury shares currently held); 
						the buy-back programme remains on hold. 
						During the quarter, Fiat S.p.A. 
						received the Sector Mover and Gold Class distinctions 
						from SAM (Sustainable Asset Management), the 
						sustainability-focused investment group which analyses 
						the 2,500 largest quoted companies to determine their 
						eligibility for inclusion in the Dow Jones 
						Sustainability indexes. For 2009, Fiat was the best 
						relative improver in sustainability performance within 
						the Automobile sector (SAM Sector Mover). 
						
						2010 Outlook 
						
						2010 is positioning itself as a 
						year of transition and stabilization. The Group expects 
						all of its Sectors to improve performance over the prior 
						year, with the exception of the Automobiles business, 
						the performance of which will be impacted in the last 3 
						quarters of the year by the reduction and/or elimination 
						of eco-incentives programs which underpin demand in 
						Western Europe. The Group will continue to implement the 
						rigorous cost containment action initiated as early as 
						the latter part of 2008. The capital expenditures 
						programs are expected to increase over the abnormally 
						low levels of 2009, with the resumption of a normalized 
						level of capital commitments across all Sectors, 
						yielding a 30% to 35% rise in expenditures over 2009. 
						Targets for the 
						year are confirmed as follows: 
						-  Revenues 
						in excess of 50 billion. 
						- Trading profit of 1.1 to 1.2 billion. 
						- Net profit near break even. 
						- Net 
						industrial debt above 5 billion.
						Fiat will, in any event, have 
						more than adequate resources to transition to what is 
						expected to be a normalized trading environment in 2011 
						and later years. While working on the achievement of its 
						objectives, the Fiat Group will continue to implement 
						its strategy of targeted alliances in order to optimize 
						capital commitments and reduce risks. 
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