Following its world première at the Frankfurt IAA in
September the new third-generation Fiat Panda arrives on
sale in Italy and becomes a model that once again in the
carmaker's long history is a new product that is vital
to a return to profitability and, at this juncture, to
help to stem sales that have tumbled for the last two
years.
Unlike the first two cars to carry the famous Panda
name, which has now been part of the automotive lexicon
for three decades, the new third version is about
evolution rather than revolution, developing an already
successful all-round package in every area as it seeks
to build on Fiat's abilities in the area of small cars.
Also, unlike the outgoing model, the new Panda is being built in Italy (at the former Alfa Romeo factory
at Pomigliano d'Arco near Naples) following an 800
million euro investment, rather than at the Tychy plant in Poland.
The new Panda also
faces a much tougher task winning consumers than its
predecessors which were both virtually untroubled in
leading A-segment in Europe. This time the new Panda
will face stiff competition from Europe's biggest
carmaker, VW, in the shape of its new UP! which will
also be sold by two of the German firm's in-house
brands. The UP! already has gained a head start as it
has beaten the Panda (which was in fact originally due
in 2009) into the showrooms.
Fiat Panda Press
Release
Styling
Panda is the byword for
substance, practicality and usefulness. There is a
concept of beauty connected to making all of this
visible and perceptible, a concept pursued throughout
the new Panda design procedure. Now at its third
generation, the Panda is improving each of its elements
both functionally and in attention to detail. The result
is of great overall harmony, due to applying signs
consistent with one another that increases its usability
and pleasing design values.
In seeking a higher and
more perceptible value, design sets out to create a true
sentimental value between car and user such as to make
using the new Panda every day more rewarding. This is
why lines of thought on how to alter the Panda's concept
were not followed. Instead, Centro Stile Fiat designers
put themselves in the shoes of the customer to try to
understand how the car could have even better portrayed
the combination of utility and an even bolder
personality. The end result is a car brimming in
sparkling personality and value, one that combines the
outstanding reputation of a timeless model with amazing
quality up to the very last detail.
Appealing
The new Fiat Panda
conveys freshness and appeal in addition to a strong
"Italian style" that makes it instantly recognisable
from the very first glance. That is due to a few
"anthropomorphic" traits of its front. The slightly
convex bonnet joins with the elegant horizontal grille
and the new front headlamps with a rounded shape that
bring to mind a smiling face extending an invitation to
take a spin light-heartedly and cheerfully. The same
aesthetic elements also express the family feeling of
the latest Fiat models, and in particularly stress their
bond with the other successful city car heir of an icon
of international motoring, the new 500. The designers
added a touch of personality to this "human" stamp to
make it a solid and reassuring car that is roomier than
what is expected from a model of this size. The
passenger compartment is designed as a single,
comfortable space to increase quality of life on board,
even for children. Proof of that is the parcel shelf
that turns into a useful rigid platform for placing toys
and - something new in the segment - a few graphic
patterns decorating the door panels and roof of the car,
in this way creating an attractive "sky" over the heads
of the tiny passengers. In this same way the radio
interface sports a pleasant and intuitive look, quite
similar to the last-generation portable consoles. All
controls and buttons are grouped into two islands so
they are easier for the driver to use.
Solid
The new Panda has been
created drawing inspiration from the most up-to-date
trends. It proposes an elegant restyling of the
exteriors with smooth and rounded lines on a volume of
regular form so the available space is used effectively.
The absence of corners conveys solidity and emphasizes
the welcoming and protective "shell" nature of the
passenger compartment. The rounded shapes of the
exterior also combine aesthetic and aerodynamic features
so that the Cx is lowered to 0.32, one of the best in
this market segment.
The side view has several distinctive features of the
second-generation Fiat Panda, starting with the third
window, now with softened angles in harmony with the
softer shape of the exteriors, which creates the effect
of an uninterrupted glazed surface up to the vertical
rear light clusters. Among other things, the light
clusters arranged higher up improve lighting and reduce
the possibility of damage in case of minor knocks.
Unlike the second-generation Panda, the front light
clusters continue down the side to give the exterior
volumes an additional three-dimensional effect.
Smooth and rounded shapes also distinguish the bumper
strips on the bumpers and side panels that not only pay
tribute to the first generation Fiat Panda, but also
play an essential protective role in protecting the body
in the city and accentuate the "all-terrain" look of the
model also accompanied by the marked wheel arches. It is
a new design language that evolves, taking the concept
of robustness to the extreme. This is confirmed by many
interior and exterior details, such as the door handles
of a more substantial visual and tactile shape.
Moreover, the side windows are designed to maximise a
few performance aspects. The upper line of the windows
improves outward visibility and accessibility to the
car, while the low waistline gives a feeling of greater
control of the surrounding environment, increasing the
perception of safety behind the wheel.
Finally, as on the current model, the lower section of
the tailgate protrudes with respect to the rear window.
Combined with the side line, this gives a distinct
impression of a roof panel resting on the bodywork. Then
the third window is positioned to improve visibility
from an angle which is usually very difficult to check
to guarantee greater safety for both those outside and
inside the car.
Free
Offered with five doors
and with the comfort of a higher segment, the new Panda
proves it is a true super-compact that with its super
efficiency is able to combine the smaller size outside
with amazing volume inside. Even though it is just 365
centimetres long, 164 wide, 155 high and has a wheelbase
of 230 centimetres, the new car can accommodate up to
five people and has one of the most spacious boots of
its segment: 225 litres which become 260 with the
sliding rear seat in the fully forward position and 870
litres with the backrest of the rear seats folded down.
The Fiat Panda offers maximum freedom of use with its
roomy, functional and comfortable passenger compartment
that is in no way inferior to that of cars of a higher
class. Besides, flexibility has always been one of the
model's strong points, as the new dashboard, various
seat configurations and large number of storage
compartments demonstrate. First of all, the new
dashboard is designed as a practical multipurpose shell
containing a roomy storage "pocket", just like that of
the first series of the model, which becomes the perfect
place for stowing everything you want in total
freedom... even in "cheerful and democratic" untidiness
if you want. Added to that is the more classic glovebox
stored in the lower part of the dashboard. In detail,
the dashboard is wrapped up in a colourful frame,
without interruptions, which serves as a single
perimeter to the steering wheel, radio and main
controls, and that houses the vents. Also in this case
there is a return to the first generation Panda, where
the elements were tightened to the fabric "pouch", which
constituted the main part of the dashboard.
There is also something new for the seats, which confirm
the flexibility of the model. The driver's seat is also
available with height adjustment, whereas the front
passenger seat can be fitted with a backrest that folds
down to form a table. The table function provides a
surface for placing both objects of common use, such as
a bag or a laptop, and for oversize loads. If the rear
seats are also lowered, the customer can get a flat boot
platform extending over the entire length of the
passenger compartment (over 2 metres) so that the
interior space is used to the utmost.
The rear seat ensures the same versatility. It is
available in the standard 2-seater version with
fold-down split backrest or, upon request, in the
configurations: 2 seats sliding longitudinally with
fold-down 50/50 split backrest, 3 seats with fold-down
backrest and 3 seats with fold-down 60/40 split
backrest. It can all be made even more functional if
combined with the handy and useful cargo box that when
placed in the boot can both hold several objects inside
and offer an all but flat loading space.
Smart
Maximum functionality is
also found in the slim front seats. This technology is
applied here for the first time at Fiat. It
simultaneously ensures more leg space for the rear
passengers, greater flexibility - the seat travel
distance is 21 centimetres and vertical adjustment is 6
cm - and enhanced seat comfort thanks to their
comfortable and embracing shape. What's more, the
"squares" electrically welded to the backrest perform
the important task of guaranteeing air passage between
the passenger's back and the seat fabric to improve
comfort, especially during the warmer months. In the
same way the door panel was designed with the idea of
freeing space in mind. The speaker in the panel has been
raised to make the pocket wider and improve sound
quality. Upholstery has been extended to the maximum to
improve comfort.
Another new stylistic and functional innovation is the
special shape of the parking brake which comes out of
the desire to optimise the space of the console. Its
small longitudinal dimensions allow the space in front
of and behind the lever to be exploited in addition to
clearing space for use directly underneath it.
To guarantee comfortable and distraction-free driving,
in keeping with tradition the gear lever of the Panda is
in a raised position in the centre of the dashboard,
very close to the steering wheel. The steering wheel is
perfectly round on the outside to make it easy to turn
and square on the inside to improve grip and provide
maximum instrument panel visibility. The 14 storage
compartments in the Panda are not just abundant and
capacious: they are designed and conceived according to
those who use the Panda every day for everyday items.
There are open compartments which are easy to reach into
for frequent use and closed, more concealed compartments
for objects that are usually left in the car. One new
feature is the glasses holder located above the driver's
window.
Lastly, the new Panda offers the innovative "Smart fuel
system" that replaces the classic cap and that is fitted
to the end of the fuel filler pipe. Filling up is one of
those operations which has not developed in step with
automotive technology. The new car takes a leap forward
with this feature, which automatically opens and closes
when the pump is put inside and removed, so refuelling
is easier and safer since it reduces gas emissions and
fuel overflow. The new "Smart fuel system" also solves
the problem of "misfuelling" as it does not allow petrol
to be pumped into a diesel powered car or vice versa.
In short, the new Panda is a car sure to continuously
surprise owing to its ability to transform itself
according to the situation and adapt to the needs of
whoever uses it, driver or passenger as the case may be.
What's more, offering original style, advanced
technology accessible to everyone, and smart solutions
that simplify and improve life on board is in Fiat's
DNA.
Today whoever chooses a
compact car does not want to forgo the technology found
on higher segment cars. The new Panda is able to
reconcile these needs with the need for sustainable and
safe mobility, accessible in terms of price and running
costs. Thus it combines the best features of the first-
and second-generation cars. This is a new intelligent
solution especially in such uncertain economic times.
Specifically, behind that fun and confident appearance,
the Fiat car offers sophisticated technological
solutions which are nonetheless straightforward to use
and satisfy both the concrete needs of everyday mobility
as well as the growing social awareness of the
environment and safety issues. So Fiat is raising the
bar to prove that it is leading the technological
evolution of the super-compact segment, a segment where
a large part of history carries its name: from the first
600 to the 500, from the 126 to the first Panda, from
the Cinquecento to the Seicento, from the second
generation Panda (2003) to the new 500 launched in 2007.
There has always been a Fiat city car near the people,
and now it is the Panda's turn once again.
Protective
To guarantee the
protection of the passengers, the new Panda combines a
body designed according to the most modern criteria with
active and passive safety content that ensures its
optimum performance, so much so as to be at the top of
its category. The safety performance was designed by the
designers and the Fiat Safety Centre after examining all
possible types of collisions: front and side impacts,
roll-over, pile-up and collisions with pedestrians.
Various speeds at which impact may occur were also taken
into consideration as well as different types of
obstacles and different types of occupants with greatly
varying physical characteristics.
To guarantee the protection of the occupants, the new
Panda offers 4 airbags standard (front and window
protecting the head), ABS complete with B.A.S. (Brake
Assist System), front seat belts with pretensioner and
load limiter. Depending on the markets and versions, the
ESC (Electronic Stability Control) complete with Hill
Holder system that aids the driver in uphill starts
while keeping the brake locked for about 2 seconds, in
this way making starting off easier, is also available
standard or as an option.
Special attention has been devoted to the seats. Those
in front are equipped with an anti-whiplash system that
reduces the risk of whiplash in case of impact, while
those in back are fitted with isofix attachments for
child seats and headrests. Completing the equipment of
the new model are front headlamps with daytime running
lights.
Lastly, the new "Low Speed Collision Mitigation" system
deserves an in-depth look. It will become available
after the launch. It is an innovative active safety
feature capable of recognising obstacles in front of the
car and of braking automatically when the driver fails
to avoid the collision. Depending on certain parameters
(road surface conditions, dynamics and trajectory of the
vehicle, position of the obstacles, condition of the
tyres, etc.), the intervention of the LSCM system can
avoid impact completely ("Collision Avoidance") or
minimise the consequences of a possible impact
("Collision Mitigation").
The sophisticated device of the new Panda integrates
three added functions: Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB),
Prefill and Brake Assist. The former, while respecting
the driver's wishes and leaving full control of the car
in his/her hands, is triggered by emergency braking
after carefully assessing the position and speed of the
obstacles, the speed of the vehicle (below 30 km/h),
lateral acceleration, the steering angle and pressure on
the accelerator pedal and its variation. The Prefill
function, on the other hand, prefills the braking system
in order to allow prompter response both when the
Automatic Emergency Braking system is triggered as well
as when the driver brakes. Brake Assist instead
recognises emergency situations and alters the brake
pedal's response to get even quicker braking in
emergency situations. The system is based on a laser
sensor installed in the windscreen that "communicates"
with the ESC (Electronic Stability Control) system.
Based on the same principle as those used in astronomy
to measure distances between satellites, the laser
sensor detects the presence of obstacles in front of the
vehicle when certain alignment conditions be present:
the overlapping of the car and obstacle must be more
than 40% than the width of the vehicle while the angle
of impact must be less than 30°.
The control unit of the LSCM system is designed to
activate automatic braking, following a request by the
laser sensor, in addition to being designed to request a
reduction in the torque from the engine control unit if
the accelerator pedal has not been released. Lastly, the
control unit keeps the car braked for 2 seconds after
stopping, to allow the driver to resume normal driving
safely. The goal of the LSCM system is to guarantee
maximum safety in all conditions of use, so in certain
conditions such as unfastened seatbelts, icy roads or
reversing, different triggering logics are activated.
Brisk
The Fiat Panda is a
substantial car that boasts cutting-edge engines in
terms of both performance and fuel consumption and
emissions. Combined with 5-speed gearboxes, standing out
amongst the engines in the range are the brand new
twin-cylinders with Start&Stop system supplied standard:
the 85 HP 0.9 TwinAir Turbo, named "International Engine
of the Year 2011", and the 65 HP 0.9 aspirated TwinAir,
being fitted for the first time (not sold in Italy). The
renewed 69 HP 1.2 Fire petrol engine and the 75 HP 1.3
Multijet II, with Start&Stop supplied standard, complete
the range of engines. Later the new Fiat Panda range
will be expanded with the Dualogic automatic robotized
transmission combined with the TwinAir engine, the 80 HP
0.9 TwinAir Turbo Natural Power (petrol/methane) and 69
HP 1.2 EasyPower (petrol/LPG) bifuel engines that attest
to the constant attention Fiat Automobiles pays to the
environmental topics through its research and
development of immediately accessible solutions.
85 HP 0.9 TwinAir Turbo
First of a new family of two-cylinder engines developed
by Fiat Powertrain, this 0.9 TwinAir Turbo engine
develops 85 HP (63 kW) at 5500 rpm of full power and a
torque of 145 Nm at 1900 rpm (constant up to 3000 rpm).
Moreover, if you prefer to prioritise the green aspect
and lower fuel consumption, you can press the ECO key on
the dashboard to limit torque to 100 Nm at 2000 rpm.
This engine records 4.2 litres/100 km and CO2 emission
equal to 99 g/km in the combined cycle.
A real jewel of engine design, the brilliant
two-cylinder employs the revolutionary MultiAir
technology developed and patented by Fiat Powertrain
which was introduced in 2009. The heart of MultiAir is a
new electro-hydraulic valve management system that
reduces fuel consumption by controlling air directly via
the inlet valves (without using the throttle). MultiAir
reduces polluting emissions (thanks to its improved
combustion control) and also considerably improves
performance by boosting driveability. Indeed, compared
to a traditional petrol engine of equal displacement,
MultiAir engines guarantee an increase in power (up to
10%) and torque (up to 15%) in addition to a significant
reduction in emissions of CO2 (up to 10%).
Elected "International Engine of the Year 2011", the new
TwinAir engine also takes the concept of downsizing to
an extreme: by combining a small-sized engine with a
next-generation turbocharger performance comparable to -
or even better than - that of a larger engine is
obtained but with less fuel consumption and lower
emissions. Not only that, the turbo significantly
increases the maximum torque, making it available at a
very low rpm, with the result of offering greater
flexibility and an unrivalled responsiveness compared to
conventional aspirated engines. All this comes with a
simple build to the benefit of strength and reliability.
The new engine has undergone a number of unit
displacement optimisation and tuning interventions in
terms of thermo-dynamic efficiency and fluid dynamic
configuration.
Finally, special attention has been placed on the NVH
(noise, vibration, and harshness) aspect to ensure
vibration performance with a characteristic sound. For
this purpose, a balancing countershaft was used to
maintain optimal vibration levels in all operating
conditions of the engine, from idling speed to top
power.
65 HP 0.9 aspirated TwinAir
The new Panda is the first Fiat Group Automobiles car to
make its world debut in the "aspirated" version of the
TwinAir engine that delivers maximum power of 65 HP (48
kW) at 6250 rpm and a torque of 88 Nm at 3500 rpm. All
with a reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions -
the values recorded in the combined cycle are 4.2 l/100
km and 99 g/km, respectively - and with performance
comparable to engines of the same power.
One peculiarity of the new engine is the introduction of
the second-generation MultiAir system that sets its
sights on the goal of maximising combustion efficiency.
This is thanks to an innovative profile of the intake
cam bush and a new way to manage the valves, called
"hybrid". In detail, the new intake profile makes a
pre-lift of the intake valve possible during the exhaust
phase. In this way a part of the exhaust gases can flow
into the intake duct to be re-aspirated during the
following intake phase. In this way the so-called
internal recirculation of exhaust gases (Internal EGR)
is achieved, which further optimises combustion
efficiency and therefore reduces fuel consumption. With
the high degree of flexibility that distinguishes the
MultiAir system, this new adjustment of the valves
(called hybrid) can obviously be activated only where it
is needed, and furthermore the amount of recirculated
internal EGR can be totally modulated.
69 HP 1.2 Fire EVO II
The 69 HP 1.2 EVO II is the latest evolution of the FIRE
family that boasts over 10 million units produced.
Thanks to the continuous updates and its flexible
architecture, this family of engines remains a point of
reference in the category as use of the continuously
variable valve timing unit shows, able as it is to
optimize valve timing (opening and closing) at all
engine speeds. In this way fuel consumption and CO2
emissions on the one hand are reduced (5.2 litres/100 km
and 120 g/km, respectively); on the other, performance
increases to ensure torque availability at low rpm (102
Nm at 3000 g/min) and power at high rpm (69 HP at 5500
g/min).
75 HP 1.3 Multijet II
With a view to respect for the environment coupled with
driving satisfaction, the new Panda offers the 1.3
MultiJet II (Euro5) with DPF standard, which delivers a
maximum output of 75 HP (55 kW) at 4000 rpm and a torque
of 190 Nm at just 1500 rpm. A masterpiece of technology
in miniature - complete with all of its accessories, it
weighs about 140 kg - the new turbodiesel is small in
size: less than 60 cm long and less than 70 cm high, it
boasts a component layout designed to take up less room.
The compact and technologically sophisticated 1.3
Multijet II is also capable of outstanding performance.
Equipped with fixed geometry turbocharger with
intercooler optimised for delivering torque at low
speed, the 1.3 Multijet II records just 104 g/m of CO2
emissions and fuel consumption equal to 3.9 litres per
100 km in the combined cycle. Belonging to the second
generation of Multijet engines, this engine ensures
economy, ecology and performance levels found nowhere
else on the market. In contrast to the first generation
of MultiJet engines, the fuel supply system is now
equipped with faster injectors able to execute multiple
injections in rapid succession. Specifically, the system
can now perform a main modulated injection of fuel in
several distinct phases and anticipate the ones that
follow. The servo valve with balanced plunger of the
MultiJet II system enables it to manage up to 8
injections per cycle, offering greater speed,
flexibility and precision in the various phases of
operation. The injector is also simpler and more
reliable because its construction is less complex and it
has 40% less components.
Thanks to the new type of injector, now strategies
focused on optimizing the increasingly advanced
combustion can be achieved, such as the Rate Shaping
injection that involves two consecutive injections so
close together in time as to generate a continuous and
modulated profile of the fuel supply into the cylinders.
With this method the combustion process is improved, all
to the benefit of quieter operation and particulate and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Today the Multijet II
engines totally satisfy the Euro 5 standard and at the
same time mark a decisive step toward stricter
regulatory levels in the future.
Lastly, again in full respect for the environment,
advanced exhaust gas treatment technologies have been
used for the 75 HP 1.3 Multijet II, namely a Close
Coupled Diesel Particulate Filter and a built-in EGR
(Exhaust Gas Recirculation) system that improves control
of temperature and gas flow, simultaneously guaranteeing
lower emissions and reduced fuel consumption.
Respectful
In addition to its
agility and lively spirit, a true "city car" also needs
to afford low fuel consumption and to respect the
environment. In this context, the new Panda is
unrivalled, owing to the implementation of a large
number of systems designed to increase the vehicle's
dynamic efficiency: from Start&Stop to the Gear Shift
Indicator (GSI), ecoDrive and the ECO mode of the
TwinAir Turbo engine. Technical words which are now part
of the standard terminology that Fiat has contributed to
create and develop and which are now grouped together in
"Air Technologies", the new brand that identifies the
low environmental impact technologies which team
eco-friendliness with driving satisfaction.
Start&Stop
All TwinAir petrol engines and the 75 HP 1.3 MultiJet II
offer the Start&Stop device as standard. It switches the
engine off temporarily and then restarts it in order to
reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Specially
designed for driving in the city, the system
automatically switches off the engine when traffic
conditions require the vehicle to stop (red lights,
tailbacks and temporary stops, for example), keeping all
of the functions that guarantee comfort and safety on
board active (lights, climate control system, radio and
windscreen wipers). Switching off the engine when the
car is stopped prevents consuming fuel needlessly (up to
-15% over an urban cycle), reduces emissions and
improves acoustic comfort. The device can be
activated/deactivated using the button on the dashboard.
Gear Shift Indicator (GSI)
The Gear Shift Indicator (GSI) device is a genuine
"co-pilot" which discreetly suggests to the driver the
best time to change gear in order to minimise fuel
consumption. For example, the GSI may suggest shifting
up, by means of an indication on the control panel, to
allow the engine to run at a lower speed or to downshift
to make best use of the available torque.
"ECO" mode
To underscore the eco-compatibility qualities of the
revolutionary 85 HP 0.9 TwinAir Turbo engine, cars which
are equipped with this afford the opportunity to select
an ecological operating mode by pressing an "ECO" button
on the dashboard. This selection consists in a specific
mapping which, by reducing the torque by 45 Nm (from 145
to 100 Nm), allows a less high-performance drive which
focuses on minimising consumption (in addition, the
invitations by the Gear Shift indicator to switch to a
higher gear are multiplied).
eco:Drive
The eco:Drive system is an easy to use "zero cost"
solution that supports the driver in improving his or
her driving efficiency and reduces fuel consumption and
emissions. Indeed, eco:Drive is the first and only
system able to offer drivers customised tips based on
their driving style. Using the eco:Drive application,
available for download free of charge on the Fiat
website teamed with the Blue&Me system, users can
collect their driving information and store them on a
USB storage device. When the USB storage device is
inserted into their PC, the eco:Drive system sends the
data to the Fiat server, which processes it to measure
driving efficiency based on four parameters:
acceleration, deceleration, gear shifts and speed. The
scores allocated for each of these four areas contribute
to the definition of the eco:Index that summarises
driving quality with a score from 1 to 100. eco:Drivers
receive personalised tips on how to improve their
performance in each area and consequently their
eco:Index. They can follow their progress in time, set
goals and check their savings through an application on
their own PC. All eco:Drive users are part of eco:Ville,
an on-line community that receives data on all the
savings made through the commitment of eco:Drivers. To
date, approximately 64,000 users have saved a total of
4300 tons of CO2 by improving the efficiency of their
personal driving styles. Available on a broad range of
Fiat Group Automobiles cars and commercial vehicles, the
software offers specific features to evaluate savings
associated with the use of Start&Stop technology and CNG.
In addition, eco:Drive Fleet is also available, a
dedicated fleet version that allows companies and fleet
managers to control fuel consumption and CO2 emissions -
and consequently costs - for their company fleet. With
eco:Drive, Fiat therefore set out to think not only of
its own products but also its own users by encouraging
them to help reduce automotive transport-related
emissions.
Hospitable
Despite its small size
that makes it perfect in the city, once aboard the new
Panda you will be amazed by the roominess of the
passenger compartment and interior space... so much so
you will feel more a guest than a simple passenger. But
the new Panda is able to do more. In fact it has all the
properties of dynamism and comfort that allow it to
easily tackle longer and tougher extra urban routes:
driving ease, functional and ergonomic layout of
controls and furnishings, a large number of storage
compartments, and use of "slim" seats that improve
accessibility and comfort for the rear passengers. The
high driving position, the gear lever in the centre of
the dashboard and the large windows guarantee driver and
passengers excellent visibility and mastery of the road.
Lastly, the ergonomic position of the controls, the leg
room and the abundant freedom of movement in the upper
area of the passenger compartment all contribute to
improved driving comfort.
Ergonomics and space at the
highest levels
These days, people who choose a compact car don't want
to forgo the comfort they would find on larger cars, as
they are used to the typical standards of comfort of
superior segments and tend to refer to them. To achieve
this objective, the designers worked according to the
most modern ergonomic standards, in order to fulfil the
criteria which measure a vehicle's capacity to meet the
requirements for on-board comfort and wellbeing. The
final results of the new Panda are excellent in all key
ergonomic areas: comfort, driving position,
accessibility. Specifically, it boasts an improvement
over the present Panda in terms of the main internal
vertical (front +7 mm and rear + 4 mm) and side (front
+26 mm and rear +5 mm) dimensions, placing it at the top
of its class. Also thanks to the slim front seats that
improve accessibility (front + 23 mm, rear + 6 mm), the
practicality of the longitudinal space increases (+20
mm) to provide rear passengers with greater comfort.
The new Panda is a surprisingly big car. Among other
things, this result was achieved without jeopardising
the boot capacity, which is 225 litres (with fixed rear
seat), which becomes 260 with the sliding seat in the
fully forward position, gaining an additional 16 cm.
Furthermore, 870 litres are reached with the rear seat
backrest folded down. Compared to the second generation
Panda, the boot volume is 10 litres larger (normal
configuration), which turns into 36 litres when the rear
seat is folded down.
Acoustic and climatic comfort
The Panda is a comfortable, roomy and quiet city car.
The latter is a particularly important feature for a car
because it improves the quality of life on board and
helps the driver pay attention to the road, meaning
safety. An entire series of devices aimed at effectively
reducing all type of noise transmitted to the passenger
compartment was used in designing the new Panda. For
example, compared to the second generation the new Panda
records a 4 dB reduction, which corresponds to half the
intensity of the noise coming from the road and which
guarantees a really quiet drive. The new car features
high torsional rigidity of the body (71,300 daNm/rad)
that associated with specific targeted interventions
allows excellent levels of compactness to be achieved,
and is one of the strong points of the model. In
addition to the traditional heater and manual climate
control, an efficient and rapid climate control system
was chosen for the new Fiat Panda. It automatically
controls the temperature, air flow, its distribution,
compressor engagement and recirculation through an
electronic control unit. Besides, the climate inside the
passenger compartment is one of the principal factors
for comfort when travelling and is also important for
preventive safety, because comfort, humidity and
ventilation all influence the wellbeing of the driver
and therefore his/her level of attention. Not forgetting
that the heating and ventilation system is also
responsible for the defrosting of the windscreen and
side windows.
Free and easy
The Fiat Panda shows it
is brilliant and free and easy in its natural habitat:
the city. Without a doubt that is due to its compact
size and full range of engines added to which are the
innovative chassis, the reliable and tested suspension
layout now brought up to date to guarantee control and
comfort at the top levels. Moreover, a turning cycle of
9.3 metres allows the new car to tackle the narrow
streets of a city centre with ease.
Renewed suspension
Compared to the second generation, the new Panda offers
an unprecedented front suspension with McPherson layout.
It has been lightened and contributes to high level
crash performance. It was lightened using a monocoque
lower arm made of ultra-high resistance material, the
first use in Europe for Chassis components, and a
modular cross member made with low-thickness,
high-resistance steel sheets. Ready for future
applications, the cross member interfaces the so-called
third load line to definitely improve crash performance
during a high-speed and low-speed collision, pedestrian
impact and insurance impact.
The new front suspension has a "split" type of shock
absorber mounting that transmits the loads to the body
through two different routes and therefore get better
filtering of the road vibrations and improved acoustics
compared to that of the current model owing to a dynamic
stiffening of the lower tyre, at the same time
guaranteeing top efficiency of the shock absorber thanks
to an axial rigidity no less than the one today.
The front suspension also has a new stabilizer bar that
improves its efficiency. The solution with connection to
the suspension bar has been replaced with a connection
solution of connecting rod on the shock absorber to
maximize the anti-roll effect of the bar. In addition to
efficiency, also the weight of the stabilizer bar has
been optimized, again with equal anti-roll effect.
Lastly, the bushes of the front suspension arm have been
researched and designed to achieve ultimate comfort when
driving and on bumpy roads, and have contributed to
improving noise reduction also by attaining a dynamic
stiffening lower than that of today.
The rear torsion axle suspension is fitted with a new
bush larger than that of today's Panda, which guarantees
greater comfort on bumpy roads and improved noise
insulation without detracting from road holding. The
shape was studied to optimise absorption of the
longitudinal bumps, without penalizing the other elastic
property-kinematic performance aspects of the rear
suspension.
Innovative chassis
The chassis of the new Panda also contains an innovative
feature developed in keeping with two guidelines: safety
and lightening car weight. In particular, as was done
for the entire body, it was possible to reconcile these
two performance aspects with extensive use of
high-resistance materials (more than 70%), 11% of which
with hot pressing technology, making it possible to
increase the energy absorption capacity in both front
and side impacts and at the same time lighten the
structure.
Compared to the previous model, another innovative
element is implementation of a third load line in the
front structure that provides more effective control of
deformations and loads in front impacts because of its
ability to transfer the loads to the lower, more
resistant part of the vehicle, thus reducing
penetrations into the passenger compartment. The bolted
parts also demonstrate the technical evolution of this
platform, such as use of high-performance tempered
steels for the front bumper crossmember and adoption of
lightweight and resistant "noble" plastic materials (Xenoy)
on the rear bumper crossmember.
Dualdrive electric power steering
system with "city" function
The new Panda adds those devices that change life on
board a car to these technical characteristics, like the
electric Dualdrive power steering with "City" function.
Standard on the entire range compared to the majority of
systems on the market, the Fiat Panda Dualdrive offers
the customer an added opportunity: that of choosing
between two different calibration programs. The first
ensures maximum feeling between driver and car. The
latter, which is selected by pressing the "City" button,
lightens steering and is ideal for city driving and
parking manoeuvres. To guarantee maximum customer safety
even when driving on roads at high speed forgetting that
the "City" device is enabled, above 35 km/h, the "city"
program disables and, as speed rises, power assistance
drops back to therefore ensure greater driving precision
and a steering wheel response which is appropriate for
high speeds.
Ingenious
Communicating and
travelling: that is what the ingenious Panda promises
and upholds by offering both the first level Blue&MeTM
system - including hands-free with Bluetooth® interface,
sophisticated voice recognition, USB port, MP3 player
and SMS interpreter - and, upon request, the latest
development of the device, the "Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE".
All the strong points of the
Blue&Me
Granted many prestigious international awards, the
Blue&Me system is the most popular infotainment device,
as demonstrated by the more than two million units sold
world-wide. It is the offspring of collaboration between
Fiat Group Automobiles and Microsoft. The partnership
signed in July 2004, with the long term aim of designing
innovative telematic systems for cars, has given rise to
a product that is now established in the market - with 2
million devices sold - that makes use of technology that
is fully integrated in perfect harmony with the user as
the name suggests.
Based on Windows Mobile for Automotive, the device is
based on an open, constantly developing system that can
be updated and whose contents are flexible and can be
modulated. In fact, Fiat Group Automobiles and
Microsoft, with the support of Magneti Marelli, offer a
platform that can be upgraded for most mobile phones,
music players or other personal devices, with the
enormous benefit of the possibility of being constantly
able to follow market innovations and maintain perfect
integration with the car. All at an affordable price, in
completely safety and in accordance with traffic laws.
Blue&Me is an innovative electronic module which allows
pairing of up to 5 mobile phones featuring Bluetooth®
that are within the system's operating range
(approximately 5 metres) with the car. The interaction
methods with the system make use of the microphone in
the roof light, the controls on the steering wheel and
the monochromatic display in the control panel. Blue&Me
guarantees maximum safety and is simple to use. The
voice command system, its full integration with the
controls on the steering wheel and with the information
in the instrument display allow the customer, with a
Bluetooth mobile phone, to use it even if it is in their
jacket pocket or their handbag, without ever having to
take their hands off the steering wheel. Not to mention
that the highly developed voice recognition system
allows immediate interaction because no voice learning
stage is required and incoming text messages can also be
interpreted. By connecting a digital device to the USB
port or AUX-IN, featured in the tunnel, it is possible
to listen to digital music in MP3, WMA, AAC and WAV
format, recorded on digital audio players and/or USB
devices. This system makes the following functions
available to the customer in an efficient and intuitive
way: Use of their own mobile phone in hands-free mode,
without having to use the phone itself, which can stay
in a pocket or in a bag in the boot (calling names in
the phonebook using voice control with independent user
recognition); Transfer of their phonebook to Blue&Me in
the car and reading it through the display in the
control panel; Interaction with the display using the
steering wheel controls to manage numbers called,
incoming calls, incoming text messages, refuse call,
redial last number called, etc.; Listening to a music
collection stored on a USB device, mediaplayer and last
generation Apple devices, in the most common formats
(MP3, WAV, WMA, AAC). The information about the tracks
being played is available on the on-board radio.
"Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE"
To drive in city traffic with total peace of mind the
new Panda offers the "Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE" device that
combines the advantages of an infotainment system which
is integrated and connected to the net with those of a
portable navigator, opening the doors to connectivity.
"Blue&Me TomTom LIVE" will allow new Panda customers not
only to use mobile phones and media players in total
safety without ever removing their hands from the
steering wheel, but will provide an absolutely unique
and distinctive navigation experience, built into the
dashboard and offering the most accurate traffic
information updated in real time. The default position
for this PND (Portable Navigation Device) is in the
middle of the dashboard and allows the safe installation
of the specific support, in addition to guaranteeing
power to the navigation device without external wiring.
In addition, in terms of Bluetooth connectivity, thanks
to Blue&Me, phone, media player and car information can
be displayed and controlled on the navigation device's
touch screen.
"Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE" is at the cutting edge when
compared to the latest portable navigation devices
available on the market: Capacitive 4.3" HD touchscreen
display with iPhone-type HMI; Detailed maps: 45 European
countries; Best route definition: helps you choose the
best route by analysing traffic conditions collected on
a 24h statistical basis.
"Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE" is designed to receive the
information about the car, detected through connection
with the on-board network and then to provide real time
information about car use and that of the devices
connected to it: Trip computer, Fiat-customised points
of interest, phonebook display, Media Player and
eco:Drive.
"Blue&Me TomTom2", in those countries where the service
is available, also offers LIVE services in real time
featured in the latest generation TomTom portable
navigation devices: Speed camera: mobile speed camera
locations, including reports by other users, fixed
mobile camera locations and Tutor camera locations along
the trip. It helps you achieve a safe and relaxed
driving experience, while saving money; Google: local
points of interest updated by Google Local Search: to
find anything, from restaurants to flower shops. Just
type in a key word; it finds corresponding points and
allows the device to show you how to get there; Weather:
current weather forecasts and over the next five days,
making planning your trip possible according to the most
recent forecasts; TomTom HD Traffic: detailed traffic
information, queues, road blocks and works in progress
updated every 2 minutes, suggesting alternative routes
for your trip. Traffic information is collected also
using info from mobile phones and TomTom navigation
devices present along the route, reprocessed by the
TomTom station; Cost: The "Blue&Me TomTom2 LIVE" device
is supplied with a year of free Live services, including
roaming and data traffic. From the second year, the
services are available for purchase from TomTom Home.
"Blue&Me TomTom2" is available in two versions (LIVE and
NON-LIVE): depending on the availability of the service
in the Country of purchase. Customers can purchase the
device only through Fiat dealers in their country of
residence. Compared with the after-market services
available in most chain stores, the "Blue&Me TomTom2
LIVE" solution offered by Fiat presents a considerable
advantage for customers in addition to the integration
with the Blue&Me hands-free system and with the car's
electronics.
The Pomigliano d'Arco
plant
As we have seen, the new
Fiat Panda is marked by advanced flexibility and ease of
use criteria, solutions and details almost maniacally
researched as far as quality and reliability are
concerned, overall design that puts the most highly
advanced engineering at the service of convenience and
immediacy of use, in addition to general safety and
maintaining its value over time. Such a design could
only be manufactured in an equally advanced factory, one
redesigned with the same criteria. In brief, a new Panda
needed a new factory. This is why the new model is made
in Pomigliano d'Arco, near Naples. The industrial area
has been entirely refurbished for the event with new
systems, particularly in the body-in-white and assembly
sector, and an innovative "Quality Centre". More than
being simply the most advanced Fiat has, these new
systems are also among the most advanced in the world.
The Giambattista Vico plant was brought to technological
and organisational excellence in a record time of 12
months and with a total investment of Euro 800 million
in both machinery and people, for whom to the present
day 200 thousand hours of training have been put in.
From the technical viewpoint, the factory is equipped
with highly automated production plants that ensure the
New Panda high (process) quality standards and
repeatability of the results over time. A
well-structured assessment program has been developed
for the employees in order to always put the right
person in the right place. Personalised training and
educational plans have also been drawn up to improve the
trade and the know-how. The result of this course has
generated skilled, well-integrated and motivated teams
of people. All of this makes it possible to achieve high
product quality levels.
This would not have been
possible without four fundamental decisions. The first
was that of making a long-term strategic investment in
Pomigliano on plants that today make a spacious class A
car. The second decision that made the difference was
that of bringing forward research and problem-solving by
making full use of virtual simulation of the production
processes and relying on the possibility of designing
the various processing phases along with the product. In
this way the tables and computers of the FGA Research &
Development people were put right inside the factory, in
close contact with the line technologists (co-location).
The third decision was to start a network program
dedicated to the new Panda to ensure maximum
competitiveness in terms of innovation, production
organisation and flexibility that contemplates
collaboration between Fiat Group Automobiles and
Fabbrica Italia Pomigliano, the company set up in
Pomigliano with the task of making the new Panda cars
and delivering them to FGA, which will market them and
provide after-sales service to the customers. The fourth
trump played at Pomigliano, and no less important than
the others, was the courage to believe in the potentials
of the people by involving them in the industrialisation
phase to set up and define the production cycles,
workstations and new organisation. This decision created
enormous enthusiasm in the workers, whose response took
shape in about 8,500 suggestions going toward improving
the workstations (and the process), safety, ergonomics,
and product quality through solutions aimed at
preventing errors. When in full operation, the
production volumes of the new Panda should be roughly
260 thousand units a year.
The technology
Some of the most
innovative stages of the production process of the new
Panda take place in Sheet-metal Working, a 99% automated
department where more than 600 robots are in operation.
One of the most advanced systems is, for example, the
body welding system made up of 80 latest-generation
Comau "hollow wrist" robots (that give a total of 520
weld spots in just 30 minutes). There are two side panel
production lines at the sides of the body production
line that make the system take on the shape of a
butterfly, which has led to calling the system just
that, "butterfly".
This line is made up of
modules that like Lego blocks, can be removed or added
according to production requirements, to build up to
four models at the same time, even of different
segments. If there are only three sophisticated
"mechanical butterflies" in the Fiat-Chrysler group, for
the time being there is only one automatic assembly
system for the mobile parts on the body produced. At
this station the robots fasten the doors, bonnet,
tailgate and wings (the so-called mobile parts) to the
body that has been assembled by the "butterfly" without
human intervention. The merits are of the cameras
secured to each robot that "read" the dimensions of the
compartment they have in front of them, compare them
against those of the mobile part to apply and after
calculating a mathematical mean, centre the part in its
seat with a precision impossible for man. These two
stations represent the technological cutting edge of a
highly advanced and extremely flexible plating line.
Spacious, well-lit and clean: the Sheet-metal Working
rooms at the Pomigliano plant are the farthest removed
from what one can imagine of a traditional workshop
where the sheets are pressed and welded. In this new
workshop man no longer labours to load and support the
welding machines, to handle the heavy components. The
worker runs the systems, manages and controls the work
of the machines.
The bodies are moved from one part of the shed to the
other by overhead transport systems that reduce both
human intervention - and therefore the chance of injury
- and the noise in the workshop. Handling the pieces on
the ground is given over to small safe and quiet
electrical trains that have replaced the traditional
fork lift trucks. The pallets, which at one time were
simple platforms on which the bodies were set to send
them along the line, have become geopallets. They are
indeed used to lock the body on specially provided
geometric references so that during the movements it
perfectly maintains the couplings of its parts.
Optoelectronic control stations along the path read key
characteristics of the body to check their quality
compliance and geometric precision.
Quality
To build a quality car it
is obviously necessary to have first class know-how and
advanced technology. In addition to know-how, it is
necessary to also know how to do it right the first
time, to never take anything for granted and to remember
that the quality of the finished product is the result
of the quality of its parts, in addition to the
precision of assembly and fittings. This is what led
Fiat to strongly focus on personnel training and to make
several important components inside the plant, which
were previously outsourced to suppliers.
The insourcing of
components in the first place concerning the pressing of
various sheet metal parts, which is done in a department
where ten drawing and three cutting lines using 377
moulds turn the sheets into complex parts (side panels,
doors, roofs, floors, etc.) that make up most of the
panels of the new Panda.
By following the same principle of in-house production
of components essential for product quality, the plant
has been equipped with an internal Plastic Pressing
Unit, the largest Fiat has. There, starting from the
melted polypropylene granules injected into the moulds
at high pressure, more than a hundred parts are made
using 35 ultra-modern presses. These include the bumpers
(which are also painted in a brand new plant), the
central console of the new Panda and the dashboard. This
latter is particularly produced by a single machine
fitted with a triple-injection system that first forms
the external black part and then the middle one in one
of the four colours available.
The high process quality and repetitivity of the
processing result guaranteed by the new Sheet-metal
Working lines has already been discussed. The painting
process is just as important. It is performed on a
highly automated system that uses water-based paints.
Euro 15 million have been invested over the past few
months in the Painting department for new body transport
systems and to eliminate the awkward manual internal
sealing operations (between sheets) now performed by
robots. The results achieved by the process are still
checked by the Metrological Unit Quality Center
specialists who measure and analyse the pieces and
entire car by samples or on request (if there are
problems) to guarantee both the aesthetic and functional
quality of the product.
As regards equipment, their gem is the "meisterbock", a
sort of "Meccano" on which the various body panels are
placed and where an 18-metre-long measurement machine
checks 2000 points on the body using electronic probes
to guarantee that all of the piece couplings,
clearances, profiles, geometric dimensions and relevant
tolerances correspond to the design. The Assembly Master
stands next to the "meisterbock" in the Metrological
room. This is where the tests on the body-part and
part-part couplings with which the New Panda is "clad"
at Assembly are carried out.
The center is also equipped with an innovative
photometric scanning system used extensively for the new
Panda. It quickly and very accurately assesses any
dimensional problems that may arise. By comparing the
photograph of the piece in question with that of the
master of reference, the program immediately shows the
points of any deviations from the perfect piece and
their value on the computer with areas of different
colours (as high relief and low relief of the sheet).
This is just another small revolution if we think to the
traditional controls from which a map of points that had
to then be interpreted and processed by the specialists
emerged, with totally different time frames and
precision.
The new Panda naturally undergoes all of the necessary
functional verifications. The hemi anechoic room test
checks static noise (that generated by the movement of
the windows, the opening and closing of the doors, the
sliding of the seats on the guides, etc.), the water
tightness test checked under a nine-position trellis
where the car takes on various angles, and the dynamic
test on the track (asphalt, dirt, wet, etc.) which all
of the new Pandas built in Pomigliano undergo.
There are also checks in which man must make assessments
without the help of sophisticated equipment. These are
aesthetic checks called ICP (Initial Customer
Perception) and functional checks called TOC (Test from
the customer's perspective), in which the tester
simulates the customer in his first approach with his
new car at both the dealer's showroom and during the
first few months of use.
People
From the technological,
automation and production flexibility viewpoint, the
Pomigliano site today is Fiat's most advanced plant. But
that is not enough. It is also the one where the people
who work there have embraced the principle of "we are
what we do" with the greatest impetus, convinced as they
are that exactitude, perseverance and determination in
doing a good job the first time and every day is the
only way to win this new important challenge. The truth
is that the "turning point" for Pomigliano is far
removed from that "extraordinary industrial relaunch
plan" that in 2008 led to a two-month production
shut-down and a total investment of Euro 110 million
earmarked for modernising the plants and supplying a
million hours of training.
Already back then the people working at the plant
accepted to take the risk and face up to a huge
reorganisation and revision of the work methods that had
created the conditions for assigning the new Panda to
the plant located in the Campania region of Italy. These
were the pre-conditions on which the actual conditions
for being able to produce the model with the quality
standards and performance tenacity desired for the new
car have been built over the past year.
While the Sheet-metal Working department started off
from scratch, in 12 months the Painting department -
previously modernised in 2008 - adopted the improvements
that had become available over recent years, the Plastic
Pressing Department was formed and the Assembly
department was totally redesigned, with the World Class
Manufacturing standards applied in all the departments.
This is how a new way of running a factory was adopted.
The people were involved from the workstation and
operation sequence design stage and organisation was
reformed.
As mentioned, what all of these activities had in common
were the World Class Manufacturing principles and
methods, the new way of working that all Fiat plants
have embraced in order to achieve zero accidents, zero
defects, zero stocks and zero breakdowns. To do this,
the people were gathered in a single simulation area
called Work Place Integration, where the assembly lines
were virtually reconstructed. They were broken down into
stations and operation sequences until the people
assigned to that department found the best solutions for
each activity. It was only then that the final line
started to be physically built. The offices were located
right in the middle of the lines, in large glassed-in
areas, so they would be close to the product and to
those who build it.
All of the assembly stations were redefined by defining
an ideal area where the maximum movement of every worker
is about 60 cm. The materials are in fact all within
reach, and it is unnecessary to bend down or raise their
arms because when needed, it is the car that rises up or
turns on hooks to offer the right side at the right
height with every operation. In technical jargon this
means that the people work in the "golden zone".
To ensure maximum product quality, new verification
methods have sprung up like double-checking, names a
second check carried out by another worker downstream of
the more critical operations. In this way the worker who
got an operation wrong immediately notices the error,
solves the problem himself and improves his skills by
way of a self-learning system.
A new organisation has also been launched, again to help
prevent problems. The workers are divided into groups
(teams) of six people (before they were 12) who work
well together also on the human level. Each group is
guided by a team leader whose duty is to guarantee
quality supervision of the process. A supervisor
coordinates seven or eight team leaders and manages the
quality, costs of his sector and is responsible for
integration with the various functions that make an
impact on the production process.
Environment
One of the pillars of
World Class Manufacturing is Environment, which regards
applying environmental-friendly methods and tools. To
make the new Panda all of the processes have been
designed and built according to principles that permit
achieving the strictest environmental parameters. Let's
take Painting as an example. Not only are all the paints
water-based, but the pastel colours have a special
formulation that enables better utilisation of the
electrostatic spraying sumps, in this way reducing waste
and the liquids to be disposed of. A number of highly
advanced energy saving systems has been applied in
Sheet-metal Working and Assembly. LED lamps, for
example, reduce energy consumption by 90% and devices
fitted with photocells switch off the lights in the
areas where there are no people after a few minutes.
Lastly, disposable packing materials have been
drastically reduced and replaced with other reusable
materials so that recycling has gone up to 95%.
Range (Italian
Market)
At its launch, the new
model is available with front-wheel drive - then the
Panda 4x4 will make its debut - and offers a range made
up of 3 engines (the 65 HP aspirated TwinAir is not sold
in Italy), 3 trim levels (Pop, Easy and Lounge), 10 body
colours, 9 interior environments, 2 hub caps and 2 14"
and 15" alloy wheels for a total of more than 600
combinations. To ensure the safety of the occupants, the
new model has 4 airbags (front and window protecting the
head), ABS complete with BAS (Brake Assist System),
front seat belts with pretensioners and load limiter,
Isofix attachments for child seats, anti-whiplash front
headrests, rear headrests and headlamps with Daytime
Running Lights, all supplied as standard. In addition,
the new model offers devices which are exclusive in its
category: from the brand new "Blue&Me-TomTom LIVE" and
the large transparent electric "Skydome" sun roof to the
Hi-Fi system with CD/MP3 player and Dualdrive electric
power steering with "City" function as standard, up to
the "Smart fuel system". The innovative LSCM system and
the robotised Dualogic automatic transmission combined
with the TwinAir engine will become available after the
launch. Lots of versions rich in content will then make
it possible for every customer to choose their own
made-to-measure Panda, and to then add an additional
distinctive and personal touch by choosing packs and
Lineaccessori articles from a long list of optional
extras. These features make the new Panda a "big" car
that, moreover, has a very high product value thanks to
the combination of high contents and reduced running
costs.